A cross-border recycling system in Asia under the resource and environmental constraints: A challenging project by the city of Kitakyushu and the city of Tianjin

In this article, we present an overview of the current circumstances of the trade of recyclable resources, i. e. end-of-life products, parts and materials, and recycled resources in Asian countries, indicating that pollution potential is spreading there due to the improper handling of those resources. Conversely, Japan's domestic recycling activities are shown to be adversely affected by the increasing outflow of those resources on one hand and the sudden stagnation of trade on the other. Considering that cross-border resource circulation in Asia is unavoidable and desirable in certain conditions, we propose a feasible and sustainable transaction scheme of recyclable and recycled resources, exemplified by a project which was carried out by the city of Kitakyushu and the city of Tianjin.