Atami landslides 2021 Japan: Landfill issues, elderly casualties, key lessons and challenges

Landslides are a common problem worldwide, significantly impacting human societies. Japan is particularly susceptible to multiple hazards, including landslides. The Atami landslide in 2021 raised concerns about Japan's disaster management and evacuation processes. In this context, this research aims to compare the Atami landslide with previous landslides occurring between 2013 and 2021, focusing on their causes and impacts, particularly on elderly people. A comparative method is used to analyze two or more similar types of disasters. To accomplish the objectives of the paper, pertinent reports, government papers, and articles are reviewed. The findings indicate that the Atami landslide was distinct due to secondary causes, specifically illegal landfill management, where the landfill's height was increased beyond permissible limits. During the monsoon season, heavy rainfall led to flash floods in Atami city, resulting in human casualties and property loss. The study also found that the number of elderly casualties was high, similar to previous landslides, highlighting deficiencies in the evacuation system. The research suggests implementing a combined digital and community network-based early warning system and immediate follow-up inspections of other landfill sites as additional measures to improve existing disaster management strategies for future preparedness.