Comparative Trends in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Japan and the United States, 2013 to 2017

Background: Adoption of the results of large-scale randomized controlled trials in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may differ internationally, yet few studies have described the potential variations in PCI practice patterns. Objectives: Using representative national registries, we compared temporal trends in procedural volume, patient characteristics, pre-procedural testing, procedural characteristics, and quality metrics in the United States and Japan. Methods: The National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI was used to describe care in the United States, and the J-PCI was used to assess practice patterns in Japan (numbers of participating hospitals: 1,752 in the United States and 1,108 in Japan). Both registries were summarized between 2013 and 2017. Results: PCI volume increased by 15.8% in the United States from 550,872 in 2013 to 637,650 in 2017, primarily because of an increase in nonelective PCIs (p for trend <0.001). In Japan, the volume of PCIs increased by 36%, from 181,750 in 2013 to 247,274 in 2017, primarily because of an increase in elective PCIs (p for trend <0.001). The proportion of PCI cases for elective conditions was >2-fold greater in Japan (72.7%) than in the United States (33.8%; p < 0.001). Overall, the ratio of nonelective PCI (vs. elective PCI; 27.3% vs. 66.2%; p < 0.001) and the performance of noninvasive stress testing in patients with stable disease (15.2% vs. 55.3%; p < 0.001) was lower in Japan than in the United States. Computed tomography angiography was more commonly used in Japan (22.3% vs. 2.0%; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Elective PCI is more than twice as common in Japan as in the United States in contemporary practice. Computed tomography angiography is much more frequently used pre-procedurally in Japan than in the United States.