Computer modeling and simulation of bipedal walking in the Japanese macaque

Bipedal walking of the Japanese macaque has recently emerged as an important paradigm for understanding the evolution and neuro-control mechanisms of human bipedal locomotion. However, locomotion is a very complex mechanical phenomenon that is generated by coordinated dynamic interactions among the sensory-motor nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and the physical world. To understand how biomechanical facilitation of locomotor function by the musculoskeletal system and locomotor muscle activation by the nervous system coordinate to generate adaptable locomotion, constructive simulation studies of locomotion based on an anatomical neuro-musculoskeletal model are essential. This review provides an overview of development of a 3-dimensional whole-body musculoskeletal model and computer simulation of bipedal walking in the Japanese macaque with a physiological model of the neuro-control system.