TY - JOUR
T1 - Deep Learning Algorithm for Fully Automated Detection of Small (≤4 cm) Renal Cell Carcinoma in Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography Using a Multicenter Database
AU - Toda, Naoki
AU - Hashimoto, Masahiro
AU - Arita, Yuki
AU - Haque, Hasnine
AU - Akita, Hirotaka
AU - Akashi, Toshiaki
AU - Gobara, Hideo
AU - Nishie, Akihiro
AU - Yakami, Masahiro
AU - Nakamoto, Atsushi
AU - Watadani, Takeyuki
AU - Oya, Mototsugu
AU - Jinzaki, Masahiro
N1 - Funding Information:
Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: This research was funded by AMED JP19lk1010025.
Publisher Copyright:
© Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
PY - 2022/5/1
Y1 - 2022/5/1
N2 - Objectives Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is often found incidentally in asymptomatic individuals undergoing abdominal computed tomography (CT) examinations. The purpose of our study is to develop a deep learning-based algorithm for fully automated detection of small (≤4 cm) RCCs in contrast-enhanced CT images using a multicenter database and to evaluate its performance. Materials and Methods For the algorithmic detection of RCC, we retrospectively selected contrast-enhanced CT images of patients with histologically confirmed single RCC with a tumor diameter of 4 cm or less between January 2005 and May 2020 from 7 centers in the Japan Medical Image Database. A total of 453 patients from 6 centers were selected as dataset A, and 132 patients from 1 center were selected as dataset B. Dataset A was used for training and internal validation. Dataset B was used only for external validation. Nephrogenic phase images of multiphase CT or single-phase postcontrast CT images were used. Our algorithm consisted of 2-step segmentation models, kidney segmentation and tumor segmentation. For internal validation with dataset A, 10-fold cross-validation was applied. For external validation, the models trained with dataset A were tested on dataset B. The detection performance of the models was evaluated using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve (AUC). Results The mean ± SD diameters of RCCs in dataset A and dataset B were 2.67 ± 0.77 cm and 2.64 ± 0.78 cm, respectively. Our algorithm yielded an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 88.3%, 84.3%, and 92.3%, respectively, with dataset A and 87.5%, 84.8%, and 90.2%, respectively, with dataset B. The AUC of the algorithm with dataset A and dataset B was 0.930 and 0.933, respectively. Conclusions The proposed deep learning-based algorithm achieved high accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for the detection of small RCCs with both internal and external validations, suggesting that this algorithm could contribute to the early detection of small RCCs.
AB - Objectives Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is often found incidentally in asymptomatic individuals undergoing abdominal computed tomography (CT) examinations. The purpose of our study is to develop a deep learning-based algorithm for fully automated detection of small (≤4 cm) RCCs in contrast-enhanced CT images using a multicenter database and to evaluate its performance. Materials and Methods For the algorithmic detection of RCC, we retrospectively selected contrast-enhanced CT images of patients with histologically confirmed single RCC with a tumor diameter of 4 cm or less between January 2005 and May 2020 from 7 centers in the Japan Medical Image Database. A total of 453 patients from 6 centers were selected as dataset A, and 132 patients from 1 center were selected as dataset B. Dataset A was used for training and internal validation. Dataset B was used only for external validation. Nephrogenic phase images of multiphase CT or single-phase postcontrast CT images were used. Our algorithm consisted of 2-step segmentation models, kidney segmentation and tumor segmentation. For internal validation with dataset A, 10-fold cross-validation was applied. For external validation, the models trained with dataset A were tested on dataset B. The detection performance of the models was evaluated using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve (AUC). Results The mean ± SD diameters of RCCs in dataset A and dataset B were 2.67 ± 0.77 cm and 2.64 ± 0.78 cm, respectively. Our algorithm yielded an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 88.3%, 84.3%, and 92.3%, respectively, with dataset A and 87.5%, 84.8%, and 90.2%, respectively, with dataset B. The AUC of the algorithm with dataset A and dataset B was 0.930 and 0.933, respectively. Conclusions The proposed deep learning-based algorithm achieved high accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for the detection of small RCCs with both internal and external validations, suggesting that this algorithm could contribute to the early detection of small RCCs.
KW - CT
KW - deep learning
KW - detection
KW - multicenter study
KW - segmentation
KW - small renal cell carcinoma
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85128245718&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85128245718&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000842
DO - 10.1097/RLI.0000000000000842
M3 - Article
C2 - 34935652
AN - SCOPUS:85128245718
SN - 0020-9996
VL - 57
SP - 327
EP - 333
JO - Investigative radiology
JF - Investigative radiology
IS - 5
ER -