Enhancement of TGF-β-induced Smad3 activity by c-Abl-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of its coactivator SKI-interacting protein (SKIP)

c-Abl is a non-receptor-type tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Furthermore, although c-Abl is involved in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, its molecular functions in TGF-β signaling are not fully understood. Here, we found that c-Abl phosphorylates SKI-interacting protein (SKIP), a nuclear cofactor of the transcription factor Smad3. The c-Abl inhibitor imatinib suppressed TGF-β-induced expression of Smad3 targets as well as SKIP/Smad3 interaction. TGF-β-stimulation induced tyrosine phosphorylation of SKIP, and this phosphorylation was suppressed by imatinib. Tyr²⁹², Tyr⁴³⁰, and Tyr⁴³³ residues in SKIP were shown to be involved in c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation. Phosphomimetic glutamic acid substitution at Tyr²⁹² in SKIP enhanced, whereas its phospho-dead phenylalanine substitution attenuated TGF-β-induced SKIP/Smad3 interaction. Moreover, the phosphomimetic mutant of SKIP augmented transcriptional activity of Smad3. Taken together, these results suggest that c-Abl phosphorylates SKIP mainly at Tyr²⁹² and promotes SKIP/Smad3 interaction for the full activation of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling.