TY - JOUR
T1 - Seasonal Variation of Wet Deposition of Black Carbon at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
AU - Mori, Tatsuhiro
AU - Kondo, Yutaka
AU - Ohata, Sho
AU - Goto-Azuma, Kumiko
AU - Fukuda, Kaori
AU - Ogawa-Tsukagawa, Yoshimi
AU - Moteki, Nobuhiro
AU - Yoshida, Atsushi
AU - Koike, Makoto
AU - Sinha, P. R.
AU - Oshima, Naga
AU - Matsui, Hitoshi
AU - Tobo, Yutaka
AU - Yabuki, Masanori
AU - Aas, Wenche
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank the staff of the Norwegian Polar Institute and J. Matsushita of the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) for supporting our continuous soot monitoring system (COSMOS) measurements and for collecting the snow samples at Ny‐Ålesund. They acknowledge Walter Brower of UIC Science ARM for snow and rain sampling at Barrow. They also thank Bryan Thomas, Ross Peterson and Peter Detwiler of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for supporting our COSMOS measurements at Barrow. They thank AWIPEV engineers for maintaining MPL measurements and T. Terui of the NIPR for organizing the data transfer. This work was supported by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT), the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (JPMEERF20142003, JPMEERF20172003, JPMEERF20202003, and JPMEERF20205001) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grants (JP12J06736, JP1604452, JP23221001, JP26241003, JP26701004, JP16H01770, JP17H04709, JP18H03363, JP18H04140, JP18H05292, JP19K20441, and JP20H00638), the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) project (JPMXD1300000000), the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) project (JPMXD1420318865), and a grant for the Global Environment Research Coordination System from the Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MLIT1753). MPL observations at Ny‐Ålesund were registered by the Research in Svalbard (RiS) ID 3186 conducted by M. Shiobara (NIPR, Japan) in 2006–2018 and R. Neuber (AWI, Germany) in 2006–2020.
Funding Information:
The authors thank the staff of the Norwegian Polar Institute and J. Matsushita of the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) for supporting our continuous soot monitoring system (COSMOS) measurements and for collecting the snow samples at Ny-Ålesund. They acknowledge Walter Brower of UIC Science ARM for snow and rain sampling at Barrow. They also thank Bryan Thomas, Ross Peterson and Peter Detwiler of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for supporting our COSMOS measurements at Barrow. They thank AWIPEV engineers for maintaining MPL measurements and T. Terui of the NIPR for organizing the data transfer. This work was supported by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT), the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (JPMEERF20142003, JPMEERF20172003, JPMEERF20202003, and JPMEERF20205001) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grants (JP12J06736, JP1604452, JP23221001, JP26241003, JP26701004, JP16H01770, JP17H04709, JP18H03363, JP18H04140, JP18H05292, JP19K20441, and JP20H00638), the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) project (JPMXD1300000000), the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability II (ArCS II) project (JPMXD1420318865), and a grant for the Global Environment Research Coordination System from the Ministry of the Environment, Japan (MLIT1753). MPL observations at Ny-Ålesund were registered by the Research in Svalbard (RiS) ID 3186 conducted by M. Shiobara (NIPR, Japan) in 2006–2018 and R. Neuber (AWI, Germany) in 2006–2020.
Funding Information:
The authors used the cloud base height data from the NIPR database ( http://polaris.nipr.ac.jp/∼aerosol01/Arctic/MPL/ ), aerosol data of the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) from the EBAS database ( http://ebas.nilu.no/ ), vertical profile data of meteorology from the National Climatic Data Center archive ( https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/weather-balloon-data ), and AWS meteorological data from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute data set ( https://seklima.met.no/observations/ ). Snow and rain samplings at Barrow were supported as part of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement research program of the U.S. Department of Energy. The GPCP Precipitation data were provided by the NOAA/OAR/ESRL Physical Science Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA ( https://psl.noaa.gov/ ). The data used in this study are available at https://ads.nipr.ac.jp/dataset/A20200923-001 .
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021. The Authors.
PY - 2021/6/27
Y1 - 2021/6/27
N2 - Black carbon (BC) aerosol deposited in and onto Arctic snow increases the snow's absorption of solar radiation and accelerates snowmelt. Concentrations of BC in the Arctic atmosphere and snow are controlled by wet deposition; however, details of this process are poorly understood owing to the scarcity of time-resolved measurements of BC in hydrometeors. We measured mass concentrations of BC in hydrometeors (CMBC) and in air (MBC) with 16% and 15% accuracies, respectively, at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard during 2012–2019. Median monthly MBC and CMBC values showed similar seasonal variations, being high in winter-spring and low in summer. Median monthly BC wet deposition mass flux (FMBC) was highest in winter and lowest in summer, associated with seasonal patterns of CMBC and precipitation. Seasonally averaged BC size distributions in hydrometeors were similar except for summer. Measurements of MBC and CMBC in spring 2017 showed a size-independent removal efficiency, indicating that BC-containing particles were efficiently activated into cloud droplets. These observations at Ny-Ålesund were compared with observations at Barrow, Alaska, during 2013–2017. The near-surface MBC at Ny-Ålesund and Barrow had similar seasonal patterns; however, the two sites differed in CMBC and FMBC. In summer, CMBC was low at Ny-Ålesund but moderate at Barrow, likely reflecting differences in MBC in the lower troposphere. Seasonally averaged BC size distributions in hydrometeors were similar at both sites, suggesting that average BC size distributions are similar in the Arctic lower troposphere. The efficiency of BC removal tends to be size-independent during transport, leading to the observed similarity.
AB - Black carbon (BC) aerosol deposited in and onto Arctic snow increases the snow's absorption of solar radiation and accelerates snowmelt. Concentrations of BC in the Arctic atmosphere and snow are controlled by wet deposition; however, details of this process are poorly understood owing to the scarcity of time-resolved measurements of BC in hydrometeors. We measured mass concentrations of BC in hydrometeors (CMBC) and in air (MBC) with 16% and 15% accuracies, respectively, at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard during 2012–2019. Median monthly MBC and CMBC values showed similar seasonal variations, being high in winter-spring and low in summer. Median monthly BC wet deposition mass flux (FMBC) was highest in winter and lowest in summer, associated with seasonal patterns of CMBC and precipitation. Seasonally averaged BC size distributions in hydrometeors were similar except for summer. Measurements of MBC and CMBC in spring 2017 showed a size-independent removal efficiency, indicating that BC-containing particles were efficiently activated into cloud droplets. These observations at Ny-Ålesund were compared with observations at Barrow, Alaska, during 2013–2017. The near-surface MBC at Ny-Ålesund and Barrow had similar seasonal patterns; however, the two sites differed in CMBC and FMBC. In summer, CMBC was low at Ny-Ålesund but moderate at Barrow, likely reflecting differences in MBC in the lower troposphere. Seasonally averaged BC size distributions in hydrometeors were similar at both sites, suggesting that average BC size distributions are similar in the Arctic lower troposphere. The efficiency of BC removal tends to be size-independent during transport, leading to the observed similarity.
KW - Arctic
KW - Black carbon
KW - seasonal variation
KW - single-particle soot photometer
KW - size distribution
KW - wet deposition
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85108557283&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85108557283&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1029/2020JD034110
DO - 10.1029/2020JD034110
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85108557283
SN - 2169-897X
VL - 126
JO - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
JF - Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
IS - 12
M1 - e2020JD034110
ER -