Advances in brain ischemia mechanisms and treatment approaches: Recent insights and inflammation-driven risks

The application of existing radical treatments for stroke is limited to a small number of cases, with current practices predominantly focusing on conservative therapy. This review examines the pathophysiology of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation during brain ischemia caused by stroke, highlighting insights into each pathology and reporting the latest therapeutic developments that are expected to serve as new treatment options. Finally, we outline the recent attention given to the relationship between periodontal disease and stroke. We propose addressing the limitations of existing treatments for stroke and suggest novel therapeutic approaches while also presenting the potential contribution of periodontal disease treatment to the prevention of stroke.