@article{8fe6d801c9ea48f99fa42ac9e7bd74d8,
title = "Growth of Cuprous Oxide Particles in Liquid-Phase Synthesis Investigated by X-ray Laser Diffraction",
abstract = "Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) particles obtained by surfactant-assisted liquid-phase synthesis have cuboid shapes but the internal structures are difficult to be visualized by electron microscopy. Herein, we investigated the internal structures of numerous individual Cu2O particles with submicrometer dimensions by X-ray diffraction imaging (XDI) using X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses. The reconstructed two-dimensional electron density maps, which displayed inhomogeneous internal structures, were divided into five classes characterized by the positions and shapes of high and low electron density areas. Further analysis of the maps in each class by a manifold learning algorithm revealed that the internal structures of Cu2O particles varied in correlation with total electron density while retaining the characteristics within each class. On the basis of the analyses, we proposed a growth mechanism to yield the inhomogeneity in the internal structures of Cu2O particles in surfactant-mediated liquid-phase synthesis.",
keywords = "Cuprous oxide, X-ray diffraction imaging, X-ray free electron laser, liquid-phase synthesis",
author = "Tomotaka Oroguchi and Takashi Yoshidome and Takahiro Yamamoto and Masayoshi Nakasako",
note = "Funding Information: This study was supported by a grant for XFEL key technology, and the X-ray Free Electron Laser Priority Strategy Program, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Nos. jp23120525, jp25120725, jp15H01647, jp24113723, jp26104535) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. This study was also supported by Grants from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Nos. jp24654140, jp1920402, jp16K20913, and jp16H02218). The experiments were performed at SACLA with the approval of Japan Synchrotron Research Institute (proposal Nos. 2016A8048, 2016B8064, 2017A8015, and 2017B8003). The PR calculations and multivariate analyses were performed using the mini-K supercomputer system at the SACLA facility. The authors thank to the members of SACLA engineering team for their help in the tuning of beamline optics. The authors also thank to Dr. Sekiguchi of Keio University for his contribution in the early stage of this work. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2018 American Chemical Society.",
year = "2018",
month = aug,
day = "8",
doi = "10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02153",
language = "English",
volume = "18",
pages = "5192--5197",
journal = "Nano Letters",
issn = "1530-6984",
publisher = "American Chemical Society",
number = "8",
}