Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α (TNF‐α), Interferon‐γ, and Interleukin‐6 but Not TNF‐β Induce Differentiation of Neuroblastoma Cells: The Role of Nitric Oxide

Abstract: Abstract: Previous observations have implicated GABA as a neurotransmitter released by the vestibular sensory neurons („hair cells”) of the snail Hermissenda onto visual sensory neurons, the type B cells, whose cell bodies are the sites of biophysical and biochemical changes during and following Pavlovian conditioning. Still other observations demonstrated that light‐GABA pairings that simulate stimuli presented during Pavlovian conditioning cause prolonged elevatiori of intracellular Ca²⁺ and transformation of GABA‐induced synaptic inhibition into excitation. Intracellular Ca²⁺ signals in response to GABA perfused onto the postsynaptic: type B terminal branches are shown here to be prolonged on days after conditioning, but not after control paradigms. These and past results demonstrate two separate sites, i.e., the cell body and the terminal branches, for learning‐induced changes after Pavlovian conditioning.